Mahatma Gandhi  

Lal Bahadur Shastri 

• Born: 2 Oct 1869, Porbandar; studied law in England. 

• Early Life: Born at Mughalsarai; title “Shastri” from Kashi Vidyapeeth. 

• South Africa (1893–1914): Racial discrimination at Pietermaritzburg, founded Natal Indian Congress, Indian Opinion, Phoenix Settlement, Tolstoy Farm → evolved Satyagraha. 

• Freedom Struggle: Active in CDM; jailed 7+ years. 

• Return to India: 9 Jan 1915 (Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas); set up Sabarmati Ashram. 
• Movements: Champaran (1917), Kheda (1918), Rowlatt (1919), NCM (1920), CDM (1930), QIM (1942). 

• Political Career: UP Parliamentary Secy (1946); Union Minister (Railways, Home, etc.). Resigned after 1956 rail accident (moral responsibility). 

• Ideas & Writings: Hind Swaraj, promoted Khadi, Charkha.  
• Institutions: All India Spinners’ Association (1925), Harijan Sevak Sangh (1932). 

• Prime Minister (1964–66): During 1965 Indo-Pak war, gave slogan “Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan.” 

• Death: Assassinated 30 Jan 1948. 
• Legacy: 2 Oct = Gandhi Jayanti & International Day of Non-Violence (UN, 2007). 

• Death: Died in Tashkent (11 Jan 1966) after signing Tashkent Declaration.