National Emergency in India 

A National Emergency is declared when India’s security is threatened due to war, external aggression, or armed rebellion. It is governed by Article 352 of the Constitution. 

Types of Emergencies 

• External Emergency: Caused by war or external aggression. 
• Internal Emergency: Caused by armed rebellion. 

38th Amendment (1975) 

• Multiple emergencies can be declared. 
• Non-justiciable (cannot be challenged in court). 
• Fundamental rights can be suspended. 

Approval & Duration 

• Must be approved by both Houses of Parliament within 1 month. 
• If Lok Sabha is dissolved, approval must be within 30 days of its first sitting. 
• Once approved, it lasts 6 months and can be extended indefinitely with Parliament's approval. 

Effects 

• Centre-State Relations: Centre gains power over states, including making laws on State List items and altering revenue distribution. 
• Parliament: Lok Sabha's term can be extended up to 1 year at a time, but not beyond 6 months after the emergency ends. State Assemblies can also be extended similarly. 

Fundamental Rights 

• Article 358: Article 19 rights can be suspended during war/external aggression. 
• Article 359: President can suspend court remedies for other fundamental rights, but Articles 20 & 21 (protection from conviction and personal liberty) cannot be suspended. 

Revocation 

• The President can revoke the emergency anytime via another proclamation. 
• The emergency automatically ceases after 6 months unless extended. 

44th Constitutional Amendment (1978) 

• Internal Emergency: Changed from "internal disturbance" to "armed rebellion". 
• Approval: Requires written Cabinet recommendation. 
• Article 19: Suspended only during war/external aggression. 
• Articles 20 & 21: Judicial remedies for these rights cannot be suspended. 

Instances of National Emergency 

• 1962: Indo-China War. 
• 1971: Indo-Pak War/Bangladesh Liberation War. 
• 1975: Internal Emergency (due to internal disturbances, misused by the executive).