Why in News? 

A 2025 study by Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Amritsar reveals that stubble burning in Punjab is primarily caused by structural market distortions and policy incentives, particularly the Minimum Support Price (MSP).  

What is Stubble Burning? 

Stubble burning is the practice of burning crop residue, typically paddy stubble, to quickly clear fields for the next crop. This widespread issue is especially prevalent in states like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh during October-November. 

Reasons for Persistence of Stubble Burning in India 

• Mono-Cropping & MSP System: MSP supports only wheat and rice, discouraging crop diversification and leading to stubble burning. 
• Market Issues: Low crop prices from middlemen and MSP rates not covering costs force farmers into debt and harmful practices like burning. 
• Lack of Alternatives: No affordable, sustainable solutions for crop residue management, making burning a cheaper option. 
• Climate Stress: Delayed rains and rising temperatures lead to hurried field clearance, prompting stubble burning. 
• Ineffective Bio-Decomposers: Bio-decomposers are underused due to logistical delays and inconsistent results. 

Impact of Stubble Burning 

• Stubble burning contributes to air pollution, especially in northern India, raising PM2.5 levels and worsening Delhi's air quality. 
• A 2023 study by IITs and TERI found it accounts for 22-35% of air pollution during the harvest season. 

Technological Measures 

• Happy Seeder: A device that sows wheat into paddy fields while cutting and lifting straw, eliminating burning. 
• Pusa Decomposer: Microbial formulation that decomposes stubble into compost, improving soil fertility. 
• Pelletization: Converts crop residue into biomass pellets for energy generation. 
• Biochar Production: Turns crop residue into biochar, enhancing soil fertility and aiding carbon sequestration.